ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The present study investigated the effects of pulsed and continuous ultrasound (USP and USC) in edema and hyperalgesia after chronic inflammatory process induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant-CFA and analyzing the relationship of the application frequency of ultrasound, in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Methods: Forty-five animals were divided into 9 groups; all animals from groups 2 to 9 were subjected to a persistent inflammation model induced by CFA in mice. We report the effects and the underlying action mechanisms of USP and USC in the animals which were irradiated two, three or five times a week on the left hind paw. The analyses performed in this study were: evaluation of hind paw edema through the plethysmometer, evaluation of thermal hyperalgesia through withdrawal test using a water container at 44.5°C (± 0.5°C), and the plantar region of the left paw which was removed for analysis of cytokines. Results: Our results showed that USP and USC consistently reduced paw edema, and pulsed ultrasound showed a higher significant effect than the continuous mode. Moreover, groups with irradiation frequency of five times a week presented an inhibition of the edema, and groups with frequency of three or two times a week reduced mainly hyperalgesia, in comparison with the control group. The beneficial effects of the US then seem to be associated with upregulation of anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10 and IL-6, respectively. Conclusion: This study provided evidence that ultrasound constitutes an important non-pharmacological intervention for the management of inflammatory and pain states.
Subject(s)
Rats , Ultrasonic Therapy , Rehabilitation , Edema , Pain ManagementABSTRACT
Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, Fabaceae, is a native aromatic tree distributed by central region of Brazil. Hydroalcoholic infusions of the seeds are used in folk medicine for their anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this work was identified the chemical components and verify the cytotoxic effect of the essential oil (EO) from P. emarginatus seeds. Thus, the EO of P. emarginatus seeds was analyzed by GC/MS analysis followed by brine shrimp lethality test and cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and human peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC). The cancer cell lines tested were C6 (rat glioma), MeWo (human melanoma), CT26.WT (mouse colon carcinoma), MDA (human breast cancer), A549 (human lung carcinoma), B16-F1 (mouse melanoma), CHO-K1 (hamster ovary cell) and BHK-21 (hamster kidney fibroblast). Eleven compounds were identified by GC and CG/MS analyses. The main compounds with concentrations higher than 5% were β-elemene (15.3%), trans-caryophyllene (35.9%), α-humulene (6.8%), germacrene-D (9.8%), bicyclo germacrene (5.5%) and spathulenol (5.9%). The EO of P. emarginatus seeds showed toxicity to Artemia salina (LC50 1.63 µg/mL) and was active against all the cell lines tested. The potent cytotoxic activity had IC50 values ranging from 24.9 to 47 µg/mL. However, EO (1-100 µg/mL) had less cytotoxicity in PBMCs isolated from a healthy subject. In summary, the present study showed the potential antiproliferative of the EO of P. emarginatus seeds.
ABSTRACT
Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeisch (Asteraceae), popularmente conhecida como "candeia-da-serra", é uma espécie utilizada na medicina tradicional como cicatrizante e antimicrobiano. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar o número de tricomas glandulares nas folhas jovens e adultas de E. erythropappus, assim como realizar a caracterização morfoanatômica destas folhas. Secções transversais e paradérmicas das folhas foram submetidas às microtécnicas fotônicas e à microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A quantificação dos tricomas glandulares foi realizada em folhas jovens e adultas com auxílio de câmara clara. As folhas são alternas ou fasciculadas e a lâmina foliar possui epiderme uniestratificada, revestida por cutícula delgada e lisa e mesofilo dorsiventral. Em ambas as faces da epiderme, ocorrem estômatos predominantemente anomocíticos e tricomas glandulares inseridos em depressões. Na face abaxial observam-se numerosos tricomas tectores. O parênquima paliçádico é uniestratificado e o parênquima voltado para a face abaxial é formado por três a cinco camadas de células com disposição compacta. As folhas jovens e adultas apresentam respectivamente 21,78±5,83 e 17,80±6,69 tricomas glandulares na face adaxial. A análise morfoanatômica das folhas de E. erythropappus mostra-se um método rápido e prático para a identificação e controle de qualidade de espécies vegetais utilizadas na terapêutica.
Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeisch (Asteraceae), commonly known as 'candeia-da-serra', is a plant used in folk medicine as wound healing and antimicrobial. The aim of this study was to compare the number of glandular trichomes between the young and the mature leaves, as well as to perform the morpho-anatomical characterization of E. erythropappus leaves. Transverse and paradermal sections of the leaves were prepared according to light and scanning microtechniques for the morpho-anatomical characterization. The quantification of glandular trichomes on the adaxial surface of the epidermis was evaluated in young and mature leaves with camera lucida. The leaves are alternate or fasciculate and the blade has uniseriate epidermis coated with thin and smooth cuticle and dorsiventral mesophyll. There are predominantly anomocytic stomata on both surfaces, as well as glandular trichomes located in epidermal depressions. Various non-glandular trichomes are encountered on the abaxial surface. The palisade parenchyma consists of a single layer of cells and the parenchyma which is faced to the abaxial surface comprehends three to five layers of cells in compact arrangement. The young and mature leaves showed, respectively, 21.78±5.83 e 17.80±6.69 glandular trichomes on the adaxial side. The morpho-anatomical analysis of E. erythropappus leaves has proved to be a practical and rapid method for the identification and quality control of the vegetal species used for medical purposes.
ABSTRACT
O presente trabalho investigou as atividades antimicrobiana e leishmanicida das sementes de Pterodon emarginatus Vogel. O potencial antimicrobiano do óleo essencial (OE) obtido das sementes foi avaliado através dos testes de difusão em ágar (10, 25 e 50 mg) e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima e utilizou os microorganismos-padrão: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 90271, Escherichia coli ATCC 10530 e Candida albicans ATCC 10231. A atividade leishmanicida do OE e frações (6,25 - 100 µg/mL) obtidas das sementes de P. emarginatus foram testadas, in vitro, sobre formas promastigotas de L. amazonensis e L. chagasi. O OE das sementes de P. emarginatus inibiu o crescimento somente de S. aureus (CIM = 2,5 mg/mL). As frações hexânica (IC50 = 50,06 µg/mL) e butanólica (IC50 = 46,65 µg/mL) apresentaram atividade frente às formas promastigotas de L. amazonensis, porém não apresentaram atividade frente a L. chagasi. Os resultados indicam que as moléculas bioativas presentes nas sementes de P. emarginatus podem ser utilizadas como protótipos para o desenvolvimento de fármacos e/ou como fonte de matérias-primas farmacêuticas.
The present work investigated the antimicrobial and leishmanicidal activities of seeds of Pterodon emarginatus. The tests of diffusion in agar (10, 25 and 50 mg) and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were performed using essential oil (EO) obtained from seeds using the standard microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 90271, Escherichia coli ATCC 10530 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Leishmanicidal activity of the EO and fractions (6.25 - 100 µg/ml) obtained of seeds of P. emarginatus was evaluated in vitro using L. amazonensis and L. chagasi promastigote forms. The EO inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MIC = 2.5 mg/ml). The hexane (IC50 = 50.06 µg/ ml) and butanol (IC50 = 46.65 µg/ml) fractions showed activity against L. amazonensis promastigote forms, but did not against L. chagasi promastigote forms. The results indicate that the bioactive molecules present in the seeds of P. emarginatus can be used as prototype for the development of drug and/or as source pharmaceutical material.
ABSTRACT
O presente trabalho investigou as atividades analgésica e antiinflamatória do extrato metanólico de rizomas de Echinodorus grandiflorus. Para isto, foram realizados os testes de contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético; tempo da lambida da pata induzida por formalina; edema de pata e pleurisia induzidas por carragenina. As doses de 100, 200 e 400 mg/kg inibiram as contorções em 34,30 por cento, 35,84 por cento e 36,07 por cento, respectivamente. O tempo de lambida da primeira fase foi reduzido nas doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg, enquanto a segunda fase teve redução em 400 mg/kg. As doses testadas diminuíram o edema, enquanto o volume do exsudato foi reduzido em 24,61 por cento na dose de 400 mg/kg. As doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg diminuíram a migração leucocitária. Os resultados indicam que o extrato de E. grandiflorus testado pode constituir alvo potencial para uso em terapias da dor e da inflamação.
The present work investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of the rhizomes of Echinodorus grandiflorus. For this purpose, acetic acid writhing, paw licking induced by formalin, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and pleurisy tests were performed. The doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg inhibited the contortions 34.30 percent, 35.84 percent and 36.07 percent, respectively. The lick of the paw 1st phase was reduced at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, while the 2nd phase had reduction at 400 mg/kg. All doses inhibited the paw edema, while the volume of the exsudate was reduced 24.61 percent in the dose of 400 mg/kg. The doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the leukocytes migration. The results indicate that the methanol extract of E. grandiflorus can constitute target potential for use in therapies of the pain and inflammation.